Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels

Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels

Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
Compare and contrasts the anatomy and physiology of blood vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. Why are these differences significant in the overall function of the circulatory system? Please be specific.
Provide several examples of factors that cause increases or decreases in peripheral resistance and discuss their effect on overall arterial blood pressure.
Lymphatic and Immune Systems
Utilizing knowledge from your learning and assigned readings, respond to the following questions:
Describe and define the differences between the lymphatic system and immunity.
How do the innate and adaptive immune systems differ in their responses to foreign substances? Provide examples of each system.
The vascular system is responsible for the distribution of oxygen and metabolites, removal of waste materials, and thermoregulation.

Perfused by the pump function of the heart, blood vessels are the elastic conduits of the circulation and include three fundamental components: arteries, veins, and the microcirculation (arterioles, capillaries, and venules). The functional assessment of the vascular system refers to the hemodynamic state, which includes a series of clinically relevant parameters that stem from the intrinsic components of these blood vessels. These components include endothelial cells, elastic fibers, collagen fibers, and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) that vary in contribution across different vascular beds and govern the modulation of pressure, flow, and resistance.[1]

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The perfusion of tissues through vessels is dependent on the adequate pumping function of the heart. Arteries carry blood away from the heart, with veins transporting blood back to it. The microcirculation becomes progressively thinner in terms of wall thickness at the level of the capillaries to promote the necessary exchange of gases and metabolites, and removal of waste. Except for the capillaries (endothelial cells only), the wall of these vessel conduits consists of three layers, an inner intima, a middle media, and an outer adventitia. Of the intrinsic vessel wall components, endothelial cells form a thin non-fenestrated layer connected by tight junctions in most arteries, veins, and capillaries of the circulatory system to regulate homeostasis. Fenestrated endothelial cells are present in the circulatory beds of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and endocrine/exocrine glands, where increased transport and filtration exists.

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Vascular SMCs (vSMCs) are a second component that is absent in capillaries but exists elsewhere to provide tension via its contractile properties.[2] However, the elastic tension of the vascular wall is mostly mediated by collagen and elastic fiber components, the former, composed of type I and III collagen, is less extensible, while the latter, composed of elastin and myofibrils, accommodates most of vessel distension ability with pressure.[3][4] While neither fiber component exists in the capillaries, a more substantial elastic fiber component is present in the large elastic arteries (e.g., the aorta) compared to the large veins (e.g., vena cava), which relates to the ability for arteries to withstand transmural (full-thickness) pressure differences better. At the level of the muscular arteries, and the arteriolar component of the microcirculation, more SMC components are seen to facilitate necessary contraction for blood flow regulation.