PSY 7709 Capella University Types of Reinforcement Schedules Essay Assignment

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Schedules of Reinforcement
Claudia Cecilia Quintana Artiz
Capella University
PSY7709
Danielle Bratton
2/16/2021
Schedules of Reinforcement
A child walks up to a vending machine, puts the money, presses the numbers, and he receives his favorite snack. Such behavior chain of walking up to the machine, putting the money and pressing buttons is always reinforced. A reinforcement is a “process in which a behavior is strengthened by the immediate consequence” (Miltenberger, 2019 p. 65). Reinforcers are especially important in a human’s life, and even animals. It is what drives the living being to engage in the behaviors. Behavior Analysts use reinforcers to teach new behaviors, to strengthen behaviors already in the person’s repertoire, and to maintain those behaviors. Though, reinforcers increase the probabilities of behaviors occurring in a future, but how can a behavior be maintained without providing reinforcers continuously? For instance, if the child walks up to the machine and he does not receive the snack the child might engage in the same behavior one more time, and luckily the machine will give him the snack. Now the child is not being reinforced continuously for the same response but intermittently. Such type of reinforcement is known as intermittent schedule of reinforcement, in which the reinforcer is available in some occurrences of a target behavior (Cooper et al, 2019). Schedules of reinforcement specify whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or whether only some responses are followed by a reinforcer” (Miltenberger, 2019 p.81). Basic intermittent schedules of reinforcement can be used in ratios or interval. When applied behavior analysts use ratio schedules, the client is required a “number of responses before on response produces reinforcement” (Cooper et. al, 2019 p. 302). While interval schedule requires “an elapse of time before a response produces reinforcement” (Cooper et. al, 2019).

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
Describe fixed interval. Explain how it works to evoke a behavior and the type of responding that results.
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
In a fixed ratio schedule (FR), a reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses occur (Miltenberger, 2018). The number of responses required to obtain reinforcers do not vary. For instance, a child should identify 10 pictures correctly before obtaining his airplane toy. Miltenberger (2018) discussed that the “rate of responding is greater when more responses are needed for reinforcement in a fixed ratio schedule” (p.82). Furthermore, it is important to take into consideration that it is not just the last response of a ratio what produces the reinforcer, but the response unit. An FR produce a pattern of responding where following the first response of the ratio, “the participant completes the required responses with little hesitation between responses” (Cooper et. al, 2019) and following the reinforcement a postreinforcement pause occurs. A postreinforcement pause is influenced greatly by the size of the ratio and the reinforcement magnitude. The larger the ratio, the longer the pauses and vice versa. A reinforcement with low magnitude produces long pauses (Cooper et. al, 2019).
When using VP-MAPP and running intraverbal training and tact skills I would use Fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement. The client should correctly respond 10 times to obtain reinforcer, which could vary in 5 minutes’ walk, ride a scooter, use the iPad, or play with toys.

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Variable Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Describe variable ratio. Explain how it works to evoke a behavior and the type of responding that results.
Variable Interval
Describe variable interval. Explain how it works to evoke a behavior and the type of responding that results. (Last Name, Year)
Using schedules of reinforcement in the professional field.
Describe how you would use this information on response rates and reinforcement schedules to evoke a behavior in your personal or professional life. (Last Name, Year)
Analyze why you would choose a particular reinforcement schedule for that particular behavior.
References
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Pages From – To.
Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title. City Name: Publisher Name

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