NURS 530 Discussion Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology

DQ1 Select one of the following discussion prompts to address:

Analyze how calcium and phosphate are hormonally regulated and describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation and treatments for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia.

Describe the clinical manifestations, similarities, and differences of the following vitamin deficiencies: niacin, riboflavin (B2), thiamine (B1), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, pantothenic acid (B5), biotin, vitamin C, vitamin K, vitamin E, vitamin A, and vitamin D.

Describe the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. Discuss how and when each of the buffer systems responds to compensate/correct for acid-base imbalances.

DQ2 Select one of the following discussion prompts to address:

Discuss the inherited mutation genes BRCA and BRCA 2, their prevalence, risks for different cancers, and recommended surveillance screenings for those with a confirmed genetically inherited mutation. What are your thoughts on genetic testing?

Discuss the inherited disorders familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, their prevalence, responsible genes, and screening recommendations for those confirmed with the inherited gene.

Analyze the evidence regarding the contribution of genetics and/or environment for obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. In the case of obesity, what impact does it have in our society today?

Metabolic acidosis is an electrolyte disorder caused by a loss of bicarbonate, an increase in acid production, and a reduction in the kidney’s ability to excrete is characterized by an imbalance in the body’s acid-base structure. The increase in acid overwhelmed the body and causes the blood to become acidic, which then affects the part of the brain that regulates  that accompany this condition include respiratory complications, headache, nausea, altered appetite, vomiting, decreased visual acuity, muscle weakness, and of Metabolic acidosis involves getting rid of the excess acids in the body and preventing the body from making too many options include respiratory compensation (using steroid drugs and bronchodilator medications), metabolic compensation (such as Hemodialysis and IV sodium bicarbonate), as well as using Inotropes and other related medications (Biggers, 2019).

Metabolic alkalosis, on the other hand, refers to a metabolic condition where the PH levels in the body are  is caused by an increase in bicarbonate and a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration (Emmett, 2020). It can also occur in individuals with symptoms include hand tremors, muscle twitching, confusion, lightheadedness, prolonged muscle spasms, and numbness in the face, hands, or feet.

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Therefore, the treatment depends on whether the condition is chloride-resistant or chloride-responsive. It also depends on the underlying causes of the a mild chloride-responsive alkalosis, he/she is only required to change diet, such as increasing intake of sodium chloride (salt) to make blood more acidic hence reducing the alkalosis. A doctor may also recommend an IV (intravenous drip), if immediate attention  alkalosis, a doctor would recommend taking pills containing potassium chloride in order to increase potassium levels. The pills should be taken two to four times a day.

The body has buffer systems which act as a line of defense for any instances if high alkaline and acid concentration in the system or blood. The carbonic acid bicarbonate buffer systems regulate the body’s acid-base balance and manage the production and release of carbon dioxide released in the body combines with water to form carbonic acid, which is a weak acid. When the body has a high concentration of acid, the carbonic acid breaks down to form bicarbonate which helps to correct the the body has high alkaline levels, the carbonic acid disintegrates to form carbonate anions which react with the bases and hence bring about a balance in the electrolytes. Metabolic alkalosis can be treated by the introduction of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, potassium-sparing diuretics, potassium supplements, or fluid replacements into the body.

References

Biggers, A. (2019). Treatment Guide for Metabolic Acidosis. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/metabolic-acidosis-treatment

Emmett, M. (2020). Metabolic Alkalosis: A Brief Pathophysiologic Review. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.16041219

Kraut, J. A., & Madias, N. E. (2016). Metabolic acidosis of CKD: an update. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 67(2), 307-317. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.08.028

Silva, D. A., Al-Gousous, J., Davies, N. M., Chacra, N. B., Webster, G. K., Lipka, E., … & Löbenberg, R. (2019). Simulated, bio relevant, clinically relevant, or physiologically relevant dissolution media: the hidden role of bicarbonate buffer. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 142, 8-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.006