Restrictive Processes
Restrictive disease is less common in pediatric patients and is characterized by decreased lung compliance with relatively normal flow rates. Examples of causative factors include neuromuscular weakness, lobar pneumonia, pleural effusion or masses, severe pectus excavatum, or abdominal distention. Key findings of restrictive lung disease are rapid respiratory rate and decreased tidal volume/capacity (Carter and Marshall, 2011).
Defense Systems
Assessment of the Respiratory System
History
Physical Examination
Upper Respiratory Tract
Bronchiolitis

Clinical Findings
o History
o.Physical Examination
o Diagnostic Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Prevention

Foreign Body Aspiration
Laryngeal Foreign Body
o Clinical Findings
 History.
 Physical Examination.
 Diagnostic Studies.
Tracheal Foreign Body
Bronchial Foreign Body
o Clinical Findings
 History.
 Physical Examination.
 Diagnostic Studies.
o Management
o Complications

Nonbacterial and Bacterial Pneumonia
TABLE 32-6
Differentiating Various Forms of Pneumonia in Infants, Young Children, and Adolescents
TABLE 32-7
Age Variants in Pneumonia Microorganisms

Clinical Findings in Infants and Young Children
o History
o.Physical Examination
o Diagnostic Studies
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Complications
Prevention

Diarrheal Illnesses Due to Common Bacterial or Viral Pathogens
• Pyloric Stenosis
o Clinical Findings
 History.
 Physical Examination.
 Diagnostic Studies.
o Management and Prognosis
• Hirschsprung Disease (Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon)
o Clinical Findings
 Diagnostic Studies.
o Differential Diagnosis
o Management

Intestinal Parasites
• Clinical Findings, Management, and Differential Diagnosis
TABLE 33-14
Intestinal Illnesses Due to More Common Parasites (Protozoa and Helminths)
TABLE 33-15
Medications for Treatment of Parasite Infestations*
• Patient and Family Education
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
• Clinical Findings
TABLE 33-4
Symptoms and Signs that May Be Associated with Gastroesophageal Reflux