Major Themes of Anatomy and physiology

Expected Learning Outcomes

• Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

• Give specific examples to show the interrelationship between anatomy and physiology.

• Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism.

• Give an example of each level of organization.

• Define homeostasis

• List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each.

• Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response.

• Explain why negative feedback is the most commonly used mechanism to maintain homeostasis in the body.

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• Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the nervous system to relay information. Describe the specific organs, structures, cells or molecules (receptors, neurons, CNS structures, effectors, neurotransmitters) included in the feedback loop.

• Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop.

• Provide an example of a positive feedback loop in the body. Describe the specific structures (organs, cells or molecules) included in the feedback loop.

• Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis

• Explain how different organ systems relate to one another to maintain homeostasis

• Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis.

• Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if various organ systems could not maintain homeostasis and allowed regulated variables (body conditions) to move away from normal.

 

 

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Anatomy—The Study of Form • Examining structure of the human body

• Inspection • Palpation – feeling with fingertips • Auscultation – listening to normal body sounds • Percussion – tapping and then listening to resulting sounds

• Cadaver dissection • Cutting and separating human body tissues to reveal tissue relationships

• Comparative anatomy • Study of multiple species to learn about form and evolution

• Exploratory surgery

• Medical imaging • Viewing the inside of the body without surgery • Radiology—branch of medicine concerned with imaging

• Gross anatomy • Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

• Histology • Examination of tissues with microscope

• Histopathology • Microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

• Cytology • Study of structure and function of cells

Anatomical Variation

• Anatomy books show most common organization of structures

• Some individuals lack certain muscles

• Some individuals have an atypical number of vertebrae

• Some individuals have an atypical number of certain organs (for example, kidneys)

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