Human Anatomy & Physiology

Human Anatomy & Physiology
Write a brief answer to the following questions in the space provided. Point values are provided in parentheses.

1. What is a Graded Potential? Name one (1) function of Graded Potentials. (1 point)

2. Name and describe the seven (7) events that occur during a typical neuronal Action Potential.

Describe the events in terms of the ion movements through their respective channels. (7 points)

3. Neurotransmitter release from Synaptic Vesicles in a Presynaptic Neuron occurs because of the increased

permeability of the Axon Terminal to _______________, which results from the depolarization of the Axon

Terminal. (½ point)

4. Name the three (3) main types of Neurons in the Neural Layer of the Inner Layer (Tunic) of the Eye. The

Optic Nerve (CN II) is formed from Axons of which of these Neurons? (2 points)

5. TRUE or FALSE: Contraction of the Sphincter Pupillae Muscle causes the Pupil size to decrease, and is

under Parasympathetic Nervous System control; whereas contraction of the Dilator Pupillae Muscle causes

the Pupil size to increase, and is under Sympathetic Nervous System control. (½ point)

6. What is accommodation? (½ point)

7. TRUE or FALSE: For distant vision, contraction of the Ciliary Muscle reduces the tension on the

Suspensory Ligaments and causes the Lens to become rounded; whereas for near vision, relaxation of the

Ciliary Muscle increases the tension on the Suspensory Ligament and causes the Lens to flatten. (½ point)

8. Visual information leaves the Retina in the paired Optic Nerves, which merge near the Pituitary Gland

forming the _________________________. The paired Fibers emerging from this structure are known as

_________________________, and synapse on the _________________________ of the Thalamus. From

the Thalamus, the paired _________________________ carry visual information to the

_________________________ of the _________________________ Lobe. (3 points)

SECTION B: BONUS QUESTIONS. Extra credit point totals are provided in parentheses.

1. Define the following terms: (2 points)

(1) Hallux:

(2) Pollex:

(3) Perineal:

(4) Process:

2. A long, deep cleft in a Bone may be either a ____________________, which is an elongated depression or

furrow; or a ____________________, which is a narrow, slit-like opening. (1 point)