Endocrinology parathyroid hormone

Endocrinology parathyroid hormone essay assignment

Endocrinology parathyroid hormone essay assignment

1-Electrical excitability of cell membranes _____ when the extracellular concentration of calcium is low.

a-increases

b-decreases

2-Which statement about parathyroid hormone (PTH) is FALSE?

a-PTH increases the calcium concentration and decreases the phosphate concentration in blood by various direct and indirect actions on bone, kidney, and intestine.

b-If PTH is lacking, the concentration of calcium in blood decreases dramatically, while the concentration of phosphate increases.

c-PTH is the principal regulator of the extracellular calcium pool.

d- Hyperparathyroidism may result from insufficient production of active hormone or defects in the responses of target tissues.

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3-Calcium balance means that, on average, daily intake of calcium ___ daily loss of calcium in urine and feces.

A-equals

B-is less than

C-is greater than

4-Severe ___ may produce generalized muscular contractions and convulsions.

A-hypercalcemia

B-hypocalcemia

5-What is the half-life of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) in blood?

A-3 days

B-30 seconds

C-15 hours

D-5–10 minutes

6-Calcitonin is cleared from the blood primarily by the ___.

A-intestines

B-liver

C-kidney

D-lungs

 

7-List the three hormones collectively called calciotropic (calcitropic) hormones.

8 -Production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3) involves multiple ___ feedback loops.

A-negative

B-positive

9 -Calcitonin remained undiscovered for many years because no obvious derangement in calcium balance or other homeostatic function results from deficient or excessive production.

A-True

B-False

 

10 -Which statement about parathyroid glands in humans is TRUE?

 

A-Human typically have 10 parathyroid glands.

B-Chief cells have no known function.

C-Oxyphil cells predominate and are the source of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

D-Parathyroid glands adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland or occasionally are embedded within thyroid tissue.

11- The insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) circulate in blood ___.

A-free from binding proteins

B-tightly bound to IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs)

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12 -Most, and possibly all, of the increase in height stimulated by estrogens or androgens at puberty is due to increased secretion of ___, which coincides with maximal growth velocity in mid to late puberty.

A-growth hormone (GH)

B-glucocorticoids

C-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

D-thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

13- What provides the primary drive for growth hormone (GH) synthesis and secretion?

A-Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

B-Insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2)

C-Insulin

D-Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

14- ___ in children increases their rate of growth, but because of early epiphyseal closure, the maximum height attained is NOT increased.

A-Hypothyroidism

B-Hyperthyroidism

15 -Androgens and estrogens are produced and secreted by both the ovaries and the testes.

 

A-True

B-False

16- Which statement about growth hormone (GH) is FALSE?

 

A-GH is the most important hormone required for normal growth.

B-Pituitary dwarfism is the failure of growth that results from the lack of GH during childhood.

C-Attainment of adult size is dependent on GH.

D-Overproduction of GH before the epiphyseal plates fuse results in acromegaly, in which adult heights more than 8 feet have been reported.

17 -Growth is most rapid during ___.

A-infancy

B-adulthood

C-adolescence

D-prenatal life

18 -Like other peptide and protein hormones, growth hormone (GH) binds to its receptor ___ of target cells.

A-in the cytosol

B-in the nucleus

C-on the surface

19- Infants born of diabetic mothers often are ___ than normal, especially when the diabetes is poorly controlled.

 

A-smaller

B-larger

20-Which statement about glucocorticoids is TRUE?

 

A-Normal growth does NOT require the secretion of glucocorticoids.

B-When given acutely, glucocorticoids decrease growth hormone (GH) gene transcription and decrease responsiveness of somatotropes to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

C-Growth hormone (GH) secretion is enhanced by excessive glucocorticoids, probably as a result of increased somatostatin production.

D-Children suffering from overproduction of glucocorticoids (Cushing’s disease) experience some stunting of their growth.

21-Maintaining testicular temperature at about 2°C below body temperature is crucial for normal ___.

A-gluconeogenesis

B-angiogenesis

C-folliculogenesis

D-spermatogenesis

22-What are the only cells known to express follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptors in human males?

oxyphil

chief

Sertoli

Leydig

23-Where is the primary area for storage of sperm?

Prostate

Epididymis

Ductus deferens

Urethra

24-Which statement about testosterone is FALSE?

 

Testosterone promotes growth, differentiation, and function of accessory organs of reproduction.

Testosterone has an extratesticular role in promoting delivery of sperm to the female genital tract.

Testosterone is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine.

Testosterone has an intratesticular role in sperm production.

25-Androgen target cells generally convert testosterone to ___ before it binds to the androgen receptor (AR).

androstenedione

estradiol

estrone

5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

26-___ ducts are progenitors of the upper male genital tract and give rise to the epididymis, ductus deferens, and seminal vesicles.

 

Müllerian

Pancreatic

Wolffian

Bil

27-Which type of pituitary cell synthesizes and secretes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)?

Gonadotrophs (gonadotropes)

Somatotrophs (somatotropes)

Lactotrophs (lactotropes)

Thyrotrophs (thyrotropes)

28-List the two principal functions of the testis.

29-The principal role of ___ cells is synthesis and secretion of testosterone in response to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH).

 

chief

oxyphil

Sertoli

Leydig

30-Which statement about cryptorchidism is FALSE?

 

With cryptorchidism, blood levels of testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) are normal.

Cryptorchidism is the failure of testicular descent into the scrotum.

With cryptorchidism, blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are reduced.

Cryptorchidism may result in destruction of the germinal epithelium without affecting Leydig cells.

31-Development of the breasts begins late in puberty and is due primarily to progesterone.

True

False

32-When does folliculogenesis begin?

Fetal life

Infancy

Adulthood

Adolescence

33-__ is the physiological signal for ovulation; its concentration in blood rises sharply and reaches a peak about 16 hours before ovulation.

Inhibin

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Relaxing

34-How many mature ova does the ovary normally produce each month?

1,000

100

1

1,000,000

35-Which hormone relaxes the myometrium and plays an important role in parturition (the process of birth) by causing softening of the uterine cervix?

 

Progesterone

Relaxin

Estradiol

Inhibin

36-Which statement about estrogens is TRUE?

 

Estrogens are secreted by the ovaries.

Estrogens circulate in blood free from (NOT bound to) plasma proteins.

The ovary is the principal site of metabolism of the estrogens.

Estrogens inhibit the period of sexual receptivity called estrus.

37-___ is produced by the corpus luteum that develops from the follicle after the egg is shed.

Estrone

Inhibin

Estradiol

Progesterone

38-The ___ cycle is the sequence of rapid follicular growth, ovulation, and the subsequent formation and degeneration of the corpus luteum.

ovarian

spermatogenic

menstrual (uterine)

cardiac

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39-Secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) is controlled by __, which is released in synchronized pulsatile bursts from neurons whose cell bodies reside in the hypothalamus.

growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

40-Estradiol, estrone, and progesterone are ___.

 

protein hormones

steroids

peptide hormones

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

41-The placenta is unique among endocrine glands because its secretory activity is autonomous and NOT subject to regulation by maternal or fetal signals.

 

True

False

42-Until the onset of puberty, there are no differences in the male and female breast.

 

True

False

43-During which phase of the ovarian cycle is estradiol secreted in abundance?

 

Late in the follicular phase

Early in the follicular phase

Late in the luteal phase

Early in the luteal phase

44-Which statement about milk production is FALSE?

Initially, the mammary glands secrete only a watery fluid called colostrum.

After lactation is established, a well-nourished woman suckling a single infant produces at least 5 liters of milk per day.

Milk provides all the basic nutrition, vitamins, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, and proteins needed by the infant until the teeth erupt.

45-Which statement about human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is FALSE?

Blood levels of hCG reach peak values during the ninth month of pregnancy.

A simple sensitive immunological test for hCG in urine can detect pregnancy even before the next expected menstrual period.

Production of hCG increases dramatically during the early weeks of pregnancy.

hCG rescues the corpus luteum and stimulates it to continue secreting progesterone and estrogens

46-___ is an activation process that involves both enhancement of flagellar activity and the biochemical and structural changes in the plasma membrane of the sperm head that prepares sperm to undergo the acrosomal reaction.

Parturition

Endochondral ossification

Capacitation

Spermatogenesis

47-Which hormone is sometimes used clinically to induce labor?

Human chorionic somatomammotropin (human placental lactogen)

Oxytocin

Prolactin

Cortisol

48-Where does fertilization take place?

In the ovary

In the cervical canal

In the ampulla of the uterine (fallopian) tube

In the uterine cavity

49-What strategy have humans adopted to increase the likelihood of offspring survival?

50-Which statement about hyperprolactinemia is FALSE?

Hyperprolactinemia is recognized as a common cause of infertility and abnormal or absent menstrual cycles.

Increased concentrations of prolactin in blood is called hyperprolactinemia.

Hyperprolactinemia often results from a small prolactin-secreting pituitary tumor (microadenoma).

Treatment with bromocriptine (a drug that inactivates dopamine receptors) promotes prolactin secretion and restores normal reproductive function.