Autonomic Drugs Actions Assignment

Autonomic Drugs Actions Assignment

Autonomic Drugs Actions Assignment

1. The functions of the autonomic nervous system are based on receptor activity. Autonomic drugs act via all of the following commonly observed receptors sites EXCEPT:

a. Cholinergic

b. Dopaminergic

c. Adrenergic

d. Histaminergic and dopaminergic

2. The treatment of acne can consist of the use of topical agents (clindamycin, erythromycin, or azelaic acid). All of which have potential adverse effects. All of the following are commonly observed reactions with the application of these anti-acne medication EXCEPT:

a. skin dryness

b. skin peeling

c. burning sensation

d. changes in skin tone

3. Antipsychotic medications are divided in atypical and atypical antipsychotics. Which of the following is the proposed mechanism of action for all antipsychotic medications?

a. Disruption of neurochemical pathways

b. Primary inhibition of muscarinic and histaminergic receptors

c. Blockage of dopaminergic receptors and action as competitive antagonist of dopamine centrally and peripherally

d. Inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake

4. Match the  following organs or tissues to the effects they may have on sympathetic or parasympathetic system response:

1.Skin                                                                     a. causes constriction (Parasympathetic)

2.Genitourinary smooth muscle            b. no effect (parasympathetic)

(bladder wall)                                                     c. Decreases pressure (sympathetic)

3.Heart                                                                 d. causes vasoconstriction (sympathetic)

4. Eyes                                                                    e. decreases heart rate

5. Blood vessels

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The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system can bring some major physiological effects, such as a rise in glandular secretion, an increase in contraction of smooth muscle, and a reduction in both heart contractility and heart rate. To achieve the above physiological effects, two types of receptors are involved in neurotransmission, namely nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors.

These two groups of receptors can bind to the same neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, to relay the neurotransmission in the synapse.[1] At the synapse, acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic neuron. Acetylcholine can either bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron to continue transmission of nerve signals or bind to receptors on tissues of the organ to cause a physiological response.[1] After binding to the receptors, acetylcholine will be degraded to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase and this will terminate the action of acetylcholine.

By acting on the receptors and acetylcholinesterase involved in transmission of nerve signals, autonomic drugs can be adopted to stimulate or inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system to achieve therapeutic effects.

Promoting stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system can be attained by using muscarinic agonists or anticholinesterase drugs. Muscarinic agonists can bind to muscarinic receptors and hence promote the transmission of nerve impulses to organs,[1] facilitating the physiological effects brought by parasympathetic nervous system. Anticholinesterase drugs interact with acetylcholinesterase so as to prevent acetylcholine from binding to acetylcholinesterase. This hinders the decomposition of acetylcholine, maintaining neurotransmission and also the resulting physiological effects.

Inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system can be achieved by utilizing muscarinic antagonists or inhibitors of acetylcholine release. Muscarinic antagonists can bind to muscarinic receptors and block the receptors.[1] Acetylcholine cannot interact with muscarinic receptors so transmission of nerve impulses cannot be passed from neurons to organs to bring about the original physiological response. For inhibitors of acetylcholine release, they can impede the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic nerve fibre. In this way, there is a decline in neurotransmission and the corresponding physiological effect will be diminished.

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