Assessing Causality and Implications for Public Health Policy
Assessing Causality and Implications for Public Health Policy
Assessing Causality and Implications for Public Health Policy
In 1965, Sir Austin Bradford Hill proposed guidelines for assessing causality from epidemiological studies. His intention was not for these guidelines to be used in a rigid manner but rather to be used generally to help in the assessment of disease causation. In recent years, other causal models have been developed, including the Rothman sufficient-component cause model and the web of causation.
To prepare for this Discussion, use the Walden library to find an epidemiological research article published in the last 3 months that uses one of the models of causation discussed in the Learning Resources. Make sure the epidemiological research article you choose clearly uses a model of causal inference that you can discuss. Not all articles do this, so choose carefully! The best options are review articles or articles that clearly address an epidemiological causal inference model in their title and/or abstract.
Respond to the following questions:
- What is the epidemiological causal inference model used by the authors? How did they apply the model to the association they studied?
- Do you agree with the author’s choice of causal model? Why or why not? Provide evidence to support your assessment.
- What are the implications for public health policy, given the evidence for causality presented in the article?
- Here are some helpful links
Assessing Causality and Implications for Public Health Policy
Make sure that your discussion focuses on evaluating your article using the entire causal model that the authors used (as opposed to using one or two criteria). Be sure to cite the article you reviewed using proper APA formatting, and include in-text citations and references as appropriate.
We are constantly asking questions to better understand ourselves and the world around us. This human ability to wonder and ask creative questions about behaviors, experiences, and situations in the world provides a basis for identifying research topics and problems. Identifying a problem is the initial step, and one of the most significant, in conducting quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention research. The research purpose evolves from the problem and directs the subsequent steps of the research process.
Research topics are concepts, phenomena of interest, or broad problem areas that researchers can focus on to enhance evidence-based
nursing. Research topics contain numerous potential research problems, and each problem provides the basis for developing many purposes. Thus, the identification of a relevant research topic and a challenging, significant problem can facilitate the development of numerous study purposes to direct a lifetime program of research. However, the abundance of research topics and potential problems frequently is not apparent to nurses struggling to identify their first study problem.
This chapter differentiates a research problem from a purpose, identifies sources for research problems, and provides a background for formulating a problem and purpose for study. The criteria for determining the feasibility of a proposed study problem and purpose are described. The chapter concludes with examples of research topics, problems, and purposes from current quantitative, qualitative, outcomes, and intervention studies.
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A research problem is an area of concern where there is a gap in the knowledge base needed for nursing practice. Research is conducted to generate knowledge that addresses the practice concern, with the ultimate goal of providing evidence-based health care. A research problem can be identified by asking questions such as the following: What is wrong or is of concern in this clinical situation? What knowledge is needed to improve this situation? Will a particular intervention work in this clinical situation? What is known about this intervention’s effectiveness? Would another intervention be more effective in producing the desired outcomes?
By questioning and reviewing the literature, researchers begin to recognize a specific area of concern and the knowledge gap that surrounds it. The knowledge gap, or what is not known about this clinical problem, determines the complexity and number of studies needed to generate essential knowledge for nursing practice (Craig & Smyth, 2012; Creswell, 2009). In addition to the area of concern, the research problem identifies a population and sometimes a setting for the study.
A research problem includes significance, background, and a problem statement. The significance of a problem indicates the importance of the problem to patients and families, nursing, healthcare system, and society. The background for a research problem briefly identifies what we know about the problem area. The problem statement identifies the specific gap in the knowledge needed for practice. A research problem from the study by Grady, Entin, Entin, and Brunye (2011) is presented as an example. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of educational messages or information on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of people with diabetes.
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