Global Health Agenda

Global Health Agenda

Global Health Agenda
What are some of the opportunities that are available to develop an interdisciplinary approach to the advance of the World Health Organization (WHO) global health agenda? Describe how the application of multiculturalism and diversity practices and policies can impact the organization you work in respect to those opportunities. Summarize what you have learned in this course to advance how the role of an advance practice nurse can influence this global approach.
Discussion Board:  Minimum 250 words, APA Style, Time New Roman, Font 12, 
(3 references- in text citations) not older than (2012-2017).

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In recent years, concepts such as One Health, Planetary Health, and EcoHealth have been used to explore the complex linkages among humans, animals, plants, and the environment in relation to health and wellbeing. At their core, these concepts promote collaboration across disciplines and sectors to more holistically understand and address health threats at the human-animal-environment interface. A One Health approach has increasingly been adopted in national and international plans and strategies for zoonoses, health security, food safety, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and in veterinary medical education. Country-level One Health coordination mechanisms are convening relevant government agencies including sectors related to human, animal, and environmental health, as well as trade, travel, and finance and other stakeholders (e.g. development partners and media) [1]. As local, regional, and global communities face current and anticipated impacts of an ever-increasing number of changes that also drive disease risks [2], the cost of inaction is high [3,4]. Emerging and some endemic infectious disease events are on the rise; and in today’s interconnected world, a disease threat anywhere is a disease threat everywhere, as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic [5]. The One Health approach will be critical for solutions to prevent, prepare for, and respond to these complex threats to health.
Hippocrates first conceived of integrated health, and animal and human comparative medicine has centuries-old foundations. Even the system for taxonomic classification of animal and plant species, including that of microbes, was conceived by physician and botanist Carl Linnaeus. Veterinarian Dr. Calvin Schwabe coined the term “One Medicine” in his landmark book published in 1964, Veterinary Medicine and Human Health, to emphasize the similarities between human and veterinary medicine and the need for

collaboration to effectively cure, prevent, and control illnesses that affect both humans and animals [6]. More recently, the term One Health was put forward to describe the inextricable linkages among the biotic and abiotic systems and health [7,8,9]. One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach—working at local, regional, national, and global levels—with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment [10]. To date, One Health efforts have been largely championed by veterinary medicine and public health communities. While this interest is reflected in veterinary school curricula and missions, adoption of One Health education in medical schools is in early stages [11]. There is limited awareness and engagement from the human clinical medical community on One Health topics, resulting in a lack of tangible benefits. For example, surveys of clinicians in the United States (U.S.) have found low rates of environmental health knowledge and training, and lack of confidence in their knowledge of diagnostics and preventative measures for zoonoses [12,13].

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Although great strides have been made to develop vaccines and medicines to prevent and treat diseases and control outbreaks, in many cases reactive outbreak response measures have come at significant cost. Embracing One Health can potentially reduce morbidity and mortality from zoonotic diseases, foodborne illnesses, AMR, and other causes including non-infectious threats such as obesity, cancers, and extreme weather injuries. Proactive health protection could ultimately lower the cost of public health delivery by shifting to prevention. This potential utility is a premise of the Global Health Security Agenda, involving nearly 70 countries, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and private sector partners and promoting multisectoral collaboration to prevent, detect and respond to disease threats. However, the evidence base demonstrating the possible applications and impact of One Health in clinical practice and benefits for human health is largely missing [14]. Wider adoption of One Health approaches in human clinical care will require novel competencies and non-traditional pedagogical approaches backed by solid justification for these changes in workforce development.